Food lab

Bone Fractures

Bone fractures are classified by:

• The position of the bone ends after the fracture
• The completeness of the break
• The orientation of the bone to the long axis
• Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin

-Nondisplaced- Bone ends retain their normal position
-Displaced- Bone ends are out of normal alignment
-Complete- Bone is broken all the way through
-Incomplete- Bone is not broken all the way through
-Linear- The fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
-Transverse- The fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
-Compound (open)- Bone ends penetrate the skin
-Simple (closed)- Bone ends don't penetrate the skin
-Comminuted- Bone fragments into 3 or more pieces; common in the elderly, whose bones are more brittle
-Spiral- Ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury
-Depression- Broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture
-Compression- Bone is crushed; common in porous bones subjected to extreme trauma
-Epiphyseal- Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring
-Greenstick- Incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults

Artificial tissue response

      I can honestly say that I find this an incredible breakthrough in science. They very idea of growing human tissues in a lab seems like the stuff of science fiction. Yet, there it is. I like the idea very much: make human tissues for people with burns, heart & kidney diseases and other life-threatening illnesses. This is a great help to patients in desperate need of tissue replacements. I also find it appeasing that these tissues don't require the use of embryonic stem cells to grow. I, myself, don't have a problem with that aspect, but a good number of people do. It's good to see that those people can't start a controversy of stem cells with this project.

     I have to admit, when I first saw that mouse with an ear on its back, I was more than a little freaked out. I mean, to watch tissues grow outside of the body has got to be quite a spectacle. But passed the freaky appearance, there was some really hard work backing all of this up. Considering what these people had to do to get the tissues to grow the right way, they had their hands full. For example, growing tissues in a simulated weightless environment was genius. I never would have guessed to cultivate cells in a rotating bioreactor to put them in simulated free fall. That's some pretty good thinking. They also had to closely mimic the environment in which those cells would normally grow in the human body. You can't tell me that it wouldn't be arduous to unlock biochemical signals to get cells to grow and multiply. In my opinion, these researchers should be commended for their work.
http://www.pbs.org/saf/1107/features/body.htm

Levels of organization of the body

Okay, so it all starts with chemicals.
Chemicals form molecules
Molecules make up cells
Groups of similar types of cells make tissues
Tissues come together to form organs
Organs that work close together make organ systems
Organ systems all work together to form an organism.
That's you: an organism that is a group of organ systems, made of organs, which are made of tissues, formed by cells, that are comprised of chemicals.

Types of epithelium

Simple squamous

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm.

Found in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Simple cuboidal

Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei.

Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Simple columnar

Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia.

Non-ciliated type line digestive tract and gallbladder.

Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pseudo-stratified columnar

Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface.

Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (non-ciliated) and trachea (ciliated).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Stratified squamous

Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells.

Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells), and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (non-keratinized cells).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Stratified cuboidal

Quite rare in the body.

Found in some sweat and mammary glands.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Stratified columnar

Limited distribution in the body.

Found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Transitional

Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped.

Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra.

Medical terminology- Body planes

Sagittal- Divided into left & right
Midsagittal- Sagittal line that lies on the midline
Frontal or coronal- Divided into anterior and posterior
Transverse or horizontal- Divided into superior and inferior parts
Oblique- Diagonal

Homeostasis Lab

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Medical terminology

Anatomical position- Body is standing up straight with palms turned up and thumbs pointing away from body. Superior- On the top or above.
Inferior- On the bottom or lower.
Anterior- On the front.
Posterior- On the back.
Medial- In the middle.
Lateral- To the side.
Intermediate- In between.
Proximal- Close in relation to something else. Ex- The shoulder is proximal to the torso.
Distal- Far from something else. Ex- The finger is distal to the torso.
Superficial- On the surface of the skin.
Deep- Underneath the skin.
Axial- Head, neck and trunk.
Appendicular- Limbs.